CXCR4 and colonic neoplasm: For instance, the LPS-increased expression of HK3 by the NF-κB/Snail/HK3 signaling pathway promoted CRC metastasis in vitro and in vivo.50 LPS also promoted the invasion and metastasis of colon cancer cells by activating the NF-kB signaling pathway through the SDF-1a/CXCR4 axis in vitro and in vivo.51 Thus, clinically, CRC patients with high CXCR4 expression were more likely to have liver metastasis and a poor prognosis.52,53