Promising biomarkers are S100 calcium binding protein B (S100B) which is expressed by astrocytes and not only reflects cell death, but also BBB integrity and permeability; neuron-specific enolase (NSE) an isoenzyme highly specific to neurons, a biomarker of hypoxic brain damage and a marker of poor outcome after cardiac arrest; and Tau protein which maintains microtubules stability in axons and relates to forms of cognitive-impairment7–9. This evidence concerns the gene S100B and cardiac arrest.