Specifically, NEU1 was elevated in most types of CKD including IgA (n = 25), diabetic kidney disease (n = 17), lupus nephritis (n = 32), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (n = 17), and membranous glomerulonephritis (n = 18), but not in minimal change disease (n = 14) (Supplementary Fig. 1a). Here, NEU1 is linked to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.