INS and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: This chronotherapy recapitulated the metabolic improvements to a similar extent to the previously reported for the NAD+ precursors NMN36,111,112 and NR32,35,40,43,44,113–115, mostly consisting of decreased weight gain, improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, decreased circulating leptin and triglycerides, and amelioration of NAFLD with decreased hepatic pro-inflammatory transcriptional signature (Figs. 1–3).