ABCB1 and epilepsy: Cytokines that are upregulated in the brain of patients with epilepsy include IL1α, IL1β, IL6, and TNFα, all of which regulate blood-brain barrier ABCB1 and ABCG2 (Arend et al., 2018; de Vries et al., 2016; Gao et al., 2016; Mercado-Gomez et al., 2018; Kothur et al., 2019).