PTEN loss and PI3K/Akt mutations induce proliferation and prevent apoptosis of cancer cells and are associated with migration, invasion, and resistance to both radiation and chemotherapy (Balsara et al., 2004; Chen et al., 2005; Mellinghoff et al., 2005; Tang et al., 2006; Jiang et al., 2007; Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network, 2008; Verhaak et al., 2010; Song et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2017). The gene discussed is PTEN; the disease is cancer.