Furthermore, a previous clinical study showed that ipilimumab is effective in improving the therapeutic response with pembrolizumab or nivolumab in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), advanced melanoma, and advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)10,37; however, a combination of PD-1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors significantly increases the incidence of severe irAEs22. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.