Patients with CS-AKI progressing to CKD were older and had a higher proportion of females; hypertension, diabetes, congestive heart failure, and coronary heart disease; preoperative use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium ion channel blockers, and beta-blockers; and preoperative low baseline eGFR, preoperative low hemoglobin level, and higher serum creatinine level at discharge (P < 0.05) than those without CS-AKI progressing to CKD, as shown in Table 1. Here, ACE is linked to congestive heart failure.