In ovarian cancer, high levels of CXCL1 expression have been found to promote cancer progression by inducing cell proliferation (Bolitho et al., 2010), whereas CXCL9 has been shown to potentiate anti-tumor activity and drive a positive response to anti-PD-L1 therapy (Seitz et al., 2022). This evidence concerns the gene CXCL9 and neoplasm.