PGF and fetal growth restriction: The latest ISSHP guideline (2021) characterizes PE as hypertension arising de novo plus one or more other conditions, including proteinuria, maternal organ dysfunctions, and uteroplacental dysfunction such as fetal growth restriction, abnormal umbilical artery Doppler, and imbalance of angiogenic markers (increased soluble fms-like tyrosine/placental growth factor (sFlt/PlGF) ratio or reduced PlGF) at or after 20 weeks (Magee et al., 2022a).