FBXO32 and cardiac hypertrophy: Atrogin-1 was shown to inhibit cardiac hypertrophy via targeting of calcineurin/nucleus factor of activated T (NFAT) and phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI-3)/Akt/Foxo signalling pathways (Li et al., 2004; Li et al., 2007; Skurk et al., 2005).