For instance, based on the finding that RFA tended to induce a significantly greater GPC3-specific CTL response in patients with GPC3-overexpressing HCC than TACE or surgical resection (102), the antitumor efficacy and resulting GPC3-specific CTL response following administration of a GPC3 peptide vaccine was established (103), and a phase II study of the combination of the vaccine with RFA or resection demonstrated improved 1-year recurrence rates (104), though differences between patients receiving surgical versus ablative local treatments remain unclear. Here, GPC3 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.