In bile duct ligation (BDL) mice, toxic bile acids further activate NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and cause Kupffer cells to develop the M1 phenotype, leading to the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, TNF, and IL-1β, which aggravate liver fibrosis and damage (126) (Figure 3). Here, TNF is linked to Hepatic fibrosis.