Ex vivo administration with an anti-PD-1 antibody decreases apoptosis and increases IFN-γ production in CD8 T cells collected from septic patients (150) as well as reverses sepsis-induced T cell dysfunction and enhances neutrophil and monocyte phagocytic activity in circulating blood cells collected from septic patients (158). The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is Sepsis.