TGFB1 and colorectal carcinoma: By regulating the IL-6/STAT3 pathway, beta-carotene repressed the polarization of M2 macrophages and inhibited the fibroblasts activated by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) to inhibit the invasion and migration and the epithelial–mesenchymal transition of CRC cells, as well as azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate-induced CRC formation (48).