CD4 and infection: Li et al. (2018) reported reduced right pallidal volume in adolescents living with HIV, while Becker and colleagues reported reduced caudate and putamen volumes in the presence of ART in their studies of older adults. Both authors linked the reduced volumes to the time since infection and lower CD4 count. Interestingly, our finding of reduced caudate volumes in neonates who were exposed to HIV but are uninfected was associated with shorter ART exposure durations in utero and lower maternal CD4 counts.