CCL2 and neoplasm: Factors such as interleukins (IL-17, IL-12, IL-16, TGFβ, MCP-1, and GM-CSF have been associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer, attracting immune cells to the tumor and facilitating angiogenesis, inducing proliferation (Nam et al., 2008), metastasis (Dutta et al., 2018), and drug resistance (Zhang et al., 2022).