It has also been found that FTO is a regulator that determines the differentiation of BMSCs by affecting the activation of the GDF11 signaling axis in the bone marrow, promoting Smad2/3 phosphorylation to stimulate osteoclastogenesis and inhibit osteoblast differentiation, thus leading to the development of osteoporosis (49–51). This evidence concerns the gene SMAD2 and osteoporosis.