Data from in vivo studies proved that not only PACAP treatment, but also the endogenously present peptide is able to exert protective effects in ischemia/reperfusion, diabetic nephropathy, myeloma kidney injury, renal amyloidosis and in different type of drug induced kidney pathologies, including nephrotoxic antibiotics, chemotherapeutics or contrast agents (70, 103). Here, ADCYAP1 is linked to diabetic kidney disease.