VEGFA and colonic neoplasm: El-Zahabi et al. 2020, have synthesized more than 40 thalidomide analogues, which were immunomodulators and ameliorated human TNF-α, caspase-8 (CASP8), human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and nuclear factor-kappa-BP65 (NF-κBP65) in human colon cancer (HCT-116) cells.