Since this discovery, the DARPP-32 and t-DARPP isoforms overexpressed in breast, colon, esophageal, gastric, pancreas, prostate, lung, and ovarian cancer tissues have been shown to activate robust anti-apoptotic signaling through the activation of the AKT and ERK cell signaling pathways; to increase metabolism by forming a complex with the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R); and to promote cell survival in the presence of receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, including gefitinib and trastuzumab25–27,29,30,34–37. Here, IGF1R is linked to ovarian carcinoma.