TNF and type 1 diabetes mellitus: The metabolic performances of diabetic mice showed that T1DM mice featured decreased body weights and HDL-C levels, increased fasting serum glucose, increased concentrations of TC, TG, and LDL-C, increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, and less secretion of fasting insulin (Fig. 1, Supplementary Table 1) compared with normal mice.