Similar to HCC, tumor tissue ischemia and hypoxia in patients with RCC induce increased hypoxia-inducible factor(HIF) activity after TACE, which in turn leads to overexpression of various tumor-promoting factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor (TGF), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) [18]. Here, VEGFA is linked to renal cell carcinoma.