Higher levels of bio-ADM were observed in patients with diabetes mellitus (median [IQR]: 29.6 pg/ml [18.5 to 41.7] vs. 22.4 pg/ml [15.4 to 33.2]), atrial fibrillation (median [IQR] 28.5 pg/ml [20.1 to 44.3] vs. 21.7 pg/ml [14.4 to 33.1]), cardiovascular disease (median [IQR]: 28.1 pg/ml [20.2 to 44.9] vs. 22.4 pg/ml [15.1 to 33.5]), or chronic kidney disease (median [IQR] 34.9 pg/ml [22.5 to 47.1] vs. 21.9 pg/ml [15.4 to 33.3]) compared to those with no comorbidities (p < 0.001) (Fig. S1). Here, ADM is linked to atrial fibrillation.