AKT1 and neoplasm: In addition to tumorigenesis, ROS have also been shown to promote cancer cell proliferation, survival, and metastasis in murine models and human cell lines.485 Mechanistically, it was suggested that carcinogenesis and its progression driven by ROS are achieved through sustained H2O2-dependent activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK/ERK signaling cascades.481 Surprisingly, enhanced ROS production also plays a tumor-suppressing role by inducing cell cycle arrest, senescence, and cancer cell death.481