GDF15 and neoplasm: Similarly, p21-activated kinase 1 (Pak1) acts as an oncogene enhancing tumor formation by binding to fibronectin and interacting with the NF-κB-p65 complex in the Kras intact model.370 Furthermore, NF‐κB also modulates inflammatory macrophages through the direct regulation of growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF‐15)/macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 (MIC‐1), which is highly expressed in PC,371 serving as a promoter of early carcinogenesis.