LCN2 and cancer: In addition to its roles in modulating the TME, the elevation of LCN2 was also reported to be an early biomarker of PDAC in human samples of urine, serum, bile, pancreatic fluid/juice, and pancreatic cyst fluid.284 However, since there are also speculations about LCN2 being a tumor suppressor gene depending on the specific type of cancer, LCN2 is of great interest for further investigations.