CST3 and coronary artery disorder: For ischemic heart disease deaths in Asians, increase in cystatin-C, being male, and past smoking (smoked most or all days) all significantly increased the mortality risk (HRcystatinC = 1.194 [1.035,1.378], p = 0.015; HRfemale = 0.071 [0.015,0.339], p = 0.00090; HRsmoking = 2.847 [1.461,5.550], p = 0.039) (S5B Fig).