Moreover, oxidation–reduction chain of molecular interactions, altered mitochondrial protein expression, increased expression of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) genes leading to cardiac hypertrophy, degradation of myofilaments and cytoskeletal proteins may cause cardiomyopathy [5, 6, 22–24]. Here, NPPA is linked to cardiac hypertrophy.