INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Diabetes mellitus is a group of chronic hyperglycemic metabolic diseases caused by defective insulin secretion or utilization, with polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, and weight loss as typical clinical manifestations.[1] According to the International Diabetes Federation, the number of people with diabetes is expected to increase to about 700 million by 2045.[2] It has been documented that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accounts for about 95% of diabetic patients,[3] making it a global health problem.