PPARGC1A and Alzheimer disease: After treating with Rhein, the expression level of SIRT1 and PGC-1α in the hippocampus of mice was significantly upregulated together with that of NRF1, which demonstrated that Rhein improved the biogenesis of mitochondria in AD mice, restored mitochondrial dynamics, repaired damaged mitochondria, and inhibited the electron transport chain to produce reactive oxygen species, thereby synergistically relieving neuronal oxidative stress (Yin et al., 2021).