During tumorigenesis, TAMs transformed from the anti-tumorigenic M1 phenotype to the pro-tumorigenic M2 phenotype, which contributed to T cell dysfunction and exhaustion through secretion of cytokines and metabolites, and increased PD-L1 expression in tumor cells and other immunosuppressive cells (Mantovani et al., 2017; Dong et al., 2021; Pu and Ji, 2022). This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.