TNF and colitis: According to the 2019 American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) guidelines for adult UC and the 2021 European Crohn’s and Colitis Organization (ECCO) guidelines, the commonly used drugs for the treatment of UC are 5-aminosalicylic acid and corticosteroids, immunosuppressive modulators, TNF drugs and monoclonal antibody drugs [26, 27].