The pneumoprotein surfactant protein D (SPD) has not been associated with longitudinal lung function in non-HIV COPD, but blocks HIV entry into target cells, is involved in innate immunity, and is reduced with initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART); thus it may have a unique role in HIV-related lung disease24–26. This evidence concerns the gene SFTPD and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.