IFITM3 and infection: Infection was also associated with an increase in host antiviral effector gene expression including MX dynamin like GTPase 1 (MX1), interferon induced transmembrane protein 1 and 3 (IFITM1, IFITM3), cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H), toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), and DExD/ H-box helicase 58 (DDX58) [35], and increased expression of genes and pathways involved in inflammatory response to viral infection [19].