TNF and columnar cell hyperplasia of the breast: Yoshizaki et al. (2008) found that interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were substantially upregulated in the ischaemic hemisphere at 2 h after surgery in a CCH model, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), IL-6, and TNF-α were also detected at 24 h after surgery; the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 were not altered until 3 days following occlusion (Kitamura et al. 2012).