VCAM1 and Cognitive impairment: In addition, intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) are substantially increased in cerebral vascular endothelial cells in a permanent bilateral vessel occlusion (2-VOS) animal model, and the upregulation of VCAM-1 expression is the initial link between the inflammatory response and adhesion, suggesting that CCI can induce a microvascular inflammatory response and participate in CCI-induced cognitive impairment (Huang et al. 2010).