PIK3CA and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: One effect of activated Bad is the efflux of cytochrome c from mitochondria, which eventually produces more cleaved caspase 3 thus inducing apoptosis.[79] KYNA reduces Akt phosphorylation and inhibits PI3K‐Akt‐mTOR signaling, blocking the proliferation of colon cancer cells.[66] UA inhibits PI3K‐Akt‐mTOR signaling in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) thus exerting anti‐cancer effects.