Though IL-1β is important for repair of intestinal epithelial cell and reconstitution of the epithelial barrier41, the excessive production of IL-1β may exacerbate colon inflammation and is associated with intestinal inflammation of IBD and the pathogenesis of CDI.42–44 However, the role of IL-1β in IBD with CDI is undetermined. The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is clostridium difficile infection.