TNF and colorectal carcinoma: In CRC, the increase in polyamine levels reduces the expression of adhesion molecules (e.g., CD44) and the production of cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ and TNF-α), resulting in immunosuppression of the TME (Zhang et al., 1997; Haskó et al., 2000; Soda, 2011; Tsujinaka et al., 2011; Hesterberg et al., 2018).