Defect in Complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain by aggregation of α-synuclein and PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) mutations can be also involved in PD pathogenesis by inducing neuronal apoptosis and failure in maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential, respectively (Liu et al., 2017; Morales-Martínez et al., 2022). This evidence concerns the gene PINK1 and Parkinson disease.