Notably, the cytokines CCL5/RANTES, CXCL10/IP-10, and ICAM/CD54 increase tumour cell motility and invasion, with CXCL10/IP-10 and ICAM/CD54 also enhancing a metastatic phenotype in breast cancer tumour cells (Rosette et al., 2005; Karnoub et al., 2007; Kim et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene CCL5 and breast cancer.