ACTA1 and neoplasm: Moreover, the similar gene expression profile of fibroblast activation markers (FAP, α-SMA, and TNC) observed when comparing vCAF and BJ fibroblasts could be an explanation for the lack of CAF-mediate tumour dissemination enhancing phenotype, as activated fibroblasts expressing these markers are linked to tumour invasion and metastasis (O'Connell et al., 2011; Biffi and Tuveson, 2021; Xin et al., 2021).