Then we commonly found 27 upregulated cDEGs {TNFAIP3, SELE, MX2, PTX3, CH25H, UBASH3A, EREG, BIRC3, ZBP1, NLRP3, LIF, PRDM1, ADM, VCAM1, FOSL1, CXCR4, CCL22, IRF4, SLC5A5, SYTL3, ADAMTS4, UBD, CCL17, CPNE5, TNFAIP6, IKZF3, TNIP3} and 5 downregulated cDEGs {MVD, KIF12, RAAG1GAP, SLC27A3, TMEM160} that can separate both COVID-19 and IPF patients from the control samples (see Fig. 2). Here, UBD is linked to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.