ENPP2 and infection: Eleven weeks post Mrps5 ablation (4 weeks post AAV9 infection), AAV9-delivered Klf15 and Adra1a continued to rescue heart function in Mrps5cKO mice while Angpt1, Ces1d, and Enpp2 showed diminished protection in Mrps5cKO mice; AAV9-Pik3rl treatment worsened the cardiac function of Mrps5cKO mice compared to AAV9-Luci control (Supplementary Fig. 5a, j–m).