YBX1 and neoplasm: Moreover, the immune checkpoint PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors Nivolumab and Pembrolizumab are FDA-approved for patients with recurrent or metastatic HNC and, interestingly, YBX1 has been shown to regulate the expression of PD-L1 within an immunosuppressive microenvironment50, establishing this factor as an important therapeutic target against both epithelial cancer cells and the tumour microenvironment.