TNF and Nematoda infectious disease: Here, we have shown that tissue-resident macrophages have important roles in both nematode infection control and active suppression of inflammatory-cell recruitment, which is a prerequisite for effective tissue repair.51 Traditional type 1 polarizing cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and CSF-2) have opposing effects to IL-4Rα signaling, driving monocytes into an inflammatory state,52–54 limiting macrophage proliferation55 and residency.47 The type 1/type 2 (or M1/M2) dichotomy can therefore be expanded to include macrophage differentiation.