HIF1A and major depressive disorder: To further confirm that thalamic HIF-1α/NLRP3 signaling mediated the protective effects of SGB on CPSP and comorbid anxiety and depression following thalamic hemorrhage, we pharmacologically activated thalamic HIF-1α and NLRP3 by intra-thalamic injection of nigericin and DMOG at 9, 11, and 13 days in rats given repetitive SGB after intra-thalamic collagenase injection (Fig. 11A).