To confirm the involvement of HIF-1α and NLRP3 in CPSP and associated anxiety and depression, we knocked down thalamic HIF-1α and NLRP3 through microinjection of HIF-1α siRNA or NLRP3 siRNA into the VPL of thalamus 3 days before microinjection of collagenase into the same regions (Fig. 3A). Here, HIF1A is linked to major depressive disorder.