Adenosine formed by the ischemic heart has multiple functions (48); it strongly inhibits tissue inflammation by activation of A2aRs on ICs (49), stimulates the formation of IL-6 by CFs via the A2bR, and triggers, via Adora2B, normoxic HIF-1α induction in the CFs and EpiSCs formed after MI (50). Here, HIF1A is linked to myocardial infarction.