Epidemiological studies have reported statistically significant associations between prediagnostic levels of widely used inflammation or insulin response biomarkers, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and HCC risk (13,14) and CLD mortality (15-17). This evidence concerns the gene INS and congenital secretory chloride diarrhea 1.