HMGA1 and Nephropathy: Possible mechanism(s) of the positive effects of these diets in reducing kidney damage are: improvement of mitochondrial function [26], effect on various transcription factors including FOXO3, HNF4A, HMGA1, and HSF1 [27], increased expression of SIRT1, SIRT3, and activation SOD2 [18, 67, 68], decreased TGF-β1 and mitochondrial superoxide production and increased GSH concentration [67, 69].