ATG5 and inflammatory bowel disease: Therefore, regarding the high prevalence of toxoplasmosis [33], the role of T. gondii in triggering of IBD [34], the crucial role of ATG5, ATG7, and ATG12 in lipidation of LC3-I to form LC3-II in autophagy process during the infection by T. gondii [35], and conflicting effects of T. gondii and thiopurines on mTORC1, we hypothesized whether T. gondii tachyzoites may modulate autophagy and interfere the effects of azathioprine during IBD treatment.