TNF and osteoporosis: Our previous study found that the occurrence of osteoporosis in the OVX rat model was accompanied by changes in the intestinal microecology, especially the reduction of Lactobacillus is closely associated with osteoporosis, and elevated expression of serum TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17.20 To further investigate any correlation between the pro-inflammatory factor changes in OVX and Th17/Treg and the mechanism of probiotic LGG treatment, we focused on the alteration of the gut microbiome and changes in the gut barrier and associated metabolites by administration of LGG.