AR and Kennedy disease: PolyQ-associated nuclear translocation is also central to pathology in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), where ligand binding and translocation to the nucleus of the expanded PolyQ-containing androgen receptor is required to elicit disease-associated transcriptional defects and cytotoxicity (Katsuno et al., 2006; Katsuno et al., 2002; Montie et al., 2009; Palazzolo et al., 2007).