TNF and acute kidney injury: We have shown that TNF-α is a pivotal cytokine contributing to AKI-ICI; this is an important finding, becuase TNF-α blockade could have steroid-sparing potential in achieving durable and complete renal recovery in patients with refractory AKI-ICI as previously shown by Lin et al.33 Moreover, this is the first study to provide a detailed overview at a single cell level of the immune microenvironment from kidney biopsies in patients who developed AKI while on ICI therapy.